In total, 71 patients have been injected with carbon particulate sensors. The clinical experience with injectable/implantable particulate EPR oximetry sensors in humans is still in its early stages. Recently, clinical studies in cancer patients have started to demonstrate the feasibility of repeatable measurement of oxygen in tissues using EPR oximetry, with their potential for providing prognostic information and improving outcomes by directing therapy 5. in suspicious areas in the colon during colonoscopy), and lithium octa-n-butoxynaphthalocyanine (LiNc-BuO) microcrystals embedded in a biocompatible polymer, polydimethylsiloxane (aka the Ox圜hip) 4. Several particulate materials currently being used in humans include carbon blacks (also the active component of India ink used in tattoos), charcoals (also used in some inks for marking tissue for long-term follow-up, i.e. Among the potential EPR oxygen sensors, particulate materials offer several advantages: they are highly sensitive to variations of oxygen (changes smaller than 1 mmHg) and as they are inert in tissues repeated oxygen measurements are possible from the same site over long time periods (months to years) 3. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy offers the possibility to provide direct quantitative measurement of the partial pressure of oxygen (pO 2) in tissues using implanted paramagnetic sensors, whose EPR linewidths are sensitive to the oxygen environment 1, 3. In many circumstances, the ability to measure oxygen level is critical to assess tissue function and disease 1, 2. Oxygen is a critical factor in physiology, pathophysiology, and therapy. However, in the right clinical context the potential exists that an associated inflammatory reaction may confound interpretation. The risk of a false-positive FDG-PET/CT scan due to oxygen sensors appears low. The preclinical investigation found no injected oxygen sensor whose mean standard uptake values differed significantly from sham injections. The retrospective review revealed no other patients with FDG avidity associated with particulate sensors. The impact of clinically used oxygen sensors (carbon black, charcoal particulates, LiNc-BuO microcrystals) on FDG-PET/CT imaging after implantation in rat muscle (n = 12) was investigated. A retrospective analysis of three clinical tumor oximetry trials involving two oxygen sensors (charcoal particulates and LiNc-BuO microcrystals) in 22 patients was performed to evaluate FDG imaging characteristics. Investigations were subsequently performed to assess the impact of oxygen sensors on FDG-PET/CT imaging. This nodule co-localized with the Printex ink injection biopsy of the area, due to concern for malignancy, revealed findings consistent with ink and an associated inflammatory reaction.
#INDIA INK TATTOO FOR RADIATION TREATMENTS TRIAL#
During a first-in-humans clinical trial investigating electron paramagnetic resonance tumor oximetry, a patient injected with the particulate oxygen sensor Printex ink was found to have unexpected fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in a dermal nodule via positron emission tomography (PET).
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